Today is our topic of discussion Definition of Refuse
Definition of Refuse
Definition:
These are unwanted or discarded solid waste material from houses, street sweeping. commercial, industrial and agricultural operations, arising from human activities.
Sources and types of refuse:
1. Street refuse: Collected by street cleaning service or scavenging, such as leaves, straw, animal droppings, litter of all kinds etc.
2. Market refuse: Vegetable waste, animal matter etc.
3. Stable litter: Left-over foods etc.
4. Industrial refuse: Contains wastes ranging from completely inert materials to highly toxic and explosive chemical compounds.
5. Domestic refuse: Ash, rubbish, food waste, garbage etc.
Methods of refuse disposal:
1. Dumping: Dumped into low-land areas and converted into humus.
2. Controlled Tipping or Sanitary Land-fill: Placed in a prepared area & covered by earth at the end of working day.
3. Incineration or burning: Hospital and industrial refuse are burnt in a specific area.
4. Composting: It involves disposal of refuse and nightsoil, which is turned into manure.
5. Manure Pits: Digging of manure pits for safe disposal.
6. Burial: Useful for small camps. A trench is excavated and refuse is placed and covered by earth.
7. Feeding to animals: Left-over foods can be made use by feeding to chicken, ducks, other poultry and livestock.
Home refuses disposal methods:
1. Composting
2. Burning and
3. Feeding to animals
Dumping:
A. Advantages:
a. Easy method of disposal of dry solid waste.
b. Land reclamation is often done by this method.
c. Refuse decreases considerably in volume due to bacterial action and is gradually converted to humus.
B. Disadvantages:
a. Refuse is exposed to flies and rodents.
b. Source of foul smell and unsightly appearance.
c. Loose refuse is dispersed by the action of wind.
d. Drainage from dumps contributes to pollution of surface and ground water.
Incineration:
A. Advantages:
a. Refuse is disposed off hygienically
b. Preferred method for hospital refuse
C. Solves space probleme to solve into tame yd bersolle autonom
B. Disadvantages:
a. Produces toxic gases
b. Expensive
Public health importance of refuse disposal:
A. Solid waste if accumulated anywhere is a health hazard because –
1. It decomposes and favors fly breeding
2. It attracts rodents and vermin
3. Possibility of water and soil pollution
4. Unsightly appearance and bad odors
B. Solid waste accumulation increases chances of vector borne diseases.
Excreta (also called ‘nightsoil’)
Excreta:
It implies ‘faecal matter’ or ‘stool’ as such.
Latrine:
A latrine is a communal space with multiple toilets, or a single standalone designed for defaecation and urination.
Public health importance of human excreta disposal:
Human excreta are a source of infection and environmental pollution. So proper disposal is essential due to the following reasons –
A. The health hazards of improper excreta disposal are:
1. Soil pollution
2. Water pollution
3. Contamination of foods
4. Propagation of flies
B. Diseases resulting from contamination are:
1. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever.
2. Diarrheas and dysenteries
3. Cholera
4. Hook worm and other intestinal parasitic diseases
5. Viral hepatitis
6. Poliomyelitis and other viral infections
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